- intake manifold or intake damper - leaky intake valve
- open radiator or coolant expansion tank - defective cylinder head gasket or crack in the cylinder head
- open oil filler neck or dipstick - worn cylinder walls, piston running surfaces or piston rings
- muffler outlet pipe - leaky outlet valve

Repeat the measurement process on all four cylinders in turn. More important than absolute pressure is the same pressure values in the cylinders.