Voltage measurement
You can verify the presence of voltage using a simple test lamp or voltage tester. This way, first of all, you find out whether there is voltage at all. To measure the value of the existing voltage, you need to connect a voltmeter (a device for measuring voltage).
First of all, the voltmeter must be set to the measurement range in which the voltage to be measured is presumably located. Voltages in a car do not exceed, as a rule, approximately 14 volts. The ignition system is an exception: here the ignition voltage can be up to 30,000 volts. This high voltage is measured only with a special measuring device or oscilloscope.
If, when using measuring devices designed specifically for cars, you only need to turn on the voltmeter on the control panel, then when using a universal device, you must first make a number of decisions. First of all, the DCV area is set on the control panel instead of ACV - the area corresponding to alternating voltage. Then the measurement range is selected. Since in a car, except for the ignition system, there is no voltage higher than 14 volts, the upper value of the set measurement range should be somewhat higher (approximately 15 to 20 volts). If it is reliably known that the measured voltage is significantly lower, for example, about two volts, the upper value of the set measurement range can be reduced to achieve higher measurement accuracy. If the value of the measured voltage exceeds the upper value of the measurement range of the device, the device may fail.
Connect the measuring device wires as shown in the figure, parallel to the power consumer. In this case, the red wire of the device is connected to the conductor going to the positive pole of the battery, and the black wire is connected to the ground wire or to the vehicle ground, for example, the engine cylinder block.
Measurement example: when the engine starts with difficulty because the starter rotates too slowly, it is advisable to check the battery voltage with the starter running. To do this, connect the red wire (+) of the voltmeter to the positive pole of the battery and the black wire to the vehicle ground (-). Then ask an assistant to turn on the starter and read the voltage value. If the voltage is below about 10 volts (at a battery temperature of +20°C), the battery must be checked and, if possible, charged before the next attempt to start the engine.
Measuring current
In cars, it is relatively rare to need to measure current. For example, see the chapter "Spontaneous Battery Discharge". This requires an ammeter built into a universal measuring device.
Before measuring the current, the device is set to the measurement range in which the value of the measured current is presumably located. If the current is not known in advance, the device is set to the maximum measurement range. If the device does not show any value, sequentially switch the device to smaller measurement ranges.
To measure current, the electrical target must be disconnected and the measuring device (ammeter) is connected across the circuit.
To do this, for example, disconnect the plug and connect the red wire (+) of the ammeter to the current-carrying conductor. Connect the black wire (-) to the contact to which the conductor is normally connected. The ground contacts between the power consumer and the plug must be connected with a jumper.
Warning: Never use a regular ammeter to measure the current in the wire to the starter (approximately 150 A) or to the glow plugs of a diesel engine (up to 60 A). The large currents that arise in this case can damage the measuring device. At service stations, an ammeter with a DC clamp is used for such measurements. In this case, the clamp is connected via an insulated wire, and the current value is measured via induction.
Measuring resistance
Before checking the resistance, it is necessary to make sure that no voltage is supplied to the part to which the ohmmeter is connected. That is, you should always disconnect the plug, turn off the ignition, remove the conductor or unit, or disconnect the battery. Otherwise, the device may fail.
The ohmmeter is connected to two consumer connectors or to two ends of an electrical conductor. It does not matter which wire (+/-) of the measuring device is connected to which contact.
There are two types of resistance measurements in a car:
- 1. Checking the resistance or part included in the electrical circuit.
- 2. Checking the conductivity of an electrical conductor, switch or heating element. This checks whether there is a break in the electrical conductor in the car, which means that the connected electrical device cannot function. To measure, an ohmmeter is connected to both ends of the corresponding conductor. If the conductor conducts electric current, the measuring device will show a resistance value of 0 Ohms. This means that the conductor is OK. If the conductor is broken, the device will show a resistance value of ∞ (infinity) Ohms.
(The material was copied from an information website fordbook.ru)