Health and Precautions

Introduction

Most procedures related to car repair and maintenance involve physical or other health hazards. This subsection lists, in alphabetical order, some of these hazardous operations and the materials and equipment associated with them. Precautions necessary to eliminate such a hazard are indicated.

The list is not exhaustive, and therefore all operations and procedures, as well as the handling of materials, must be carried out taking into account health and safety requirements.

Before using any material or equipment/tool, read the safety precautions sheet supplied by the manufacturer or supplier of that product.

Acids and alkalis

See also chapter "Battery acids".

These are, for example, caustic soda, sulfuric acid.

Used in batteries and as cleaning agents. They are irritating and corrosive to the skin, eyes, nose and throat. 211 Causes chemical burns. Can damage, corrode ordinary protective clothing.

Avoid splashing on skin, eyes and clothing. If necessary, use protective gloves, goggles and protective clothing. Do not inhale fumes.

Ensure that eyewash, shower and soap are readily available in case of splashing.

Provide signs warning of the risk of injury to the eyes.

Airbags

See also chapters "Fire", "Chemical materials".

These are flammable, explosive products - observe smoking precautions: DO NOT SMOK!

They are used as an auxiliary restraint system mounted on the steering wheel and in the instrument panel on the passenger side.

The gas generator contains an energetically powerful solid propellant charge, which, when burned, generates VERY HOT GAS (2500°C).


Airbags use sodium azide as the source of gas generation. This substance is enclosed in a sealed module and completely burns out when the airbag is deployed. Do not attempt to open the airbag inflator housing, as this is fraught with an explosion of sodium azide. In case of gas generator leakage, to eliminate the consequences of sodium azide spillage, be sure to use a complete set of chemical protection.

After normal deployment of the airbag, gloves and goggles should be used when handling it.

Deployed airbags should be disposed of in plastic bags according to local regulations at designated chemical waste disposal sites.

After any direct contact with a gas generating charge (solid fuel):

• Rinse problem areas of skin thoroughly with water.
• seek medical attention if necessary.

Airbags - What to do

• Store modules upright.
• Keep modules dry.
• Carry the modules with the lid facing away from your torso.
• Position the modules so that the lid is facing up.
• Carefully inspect the modules for damage.
• When connecting modules, put them on their side (butt).
• Ensure that all test equipment is properly calibrated and properly maintained.
• Wash your hands after handling deployed airbags.

Airbags - What Not to Do

• Do not store flammable materials with modules or gas generators.
• Do not store gas generators above 80°C.
• Do not store modules upside down.
• Do not attempt to open the gas generator case.
• Do not expose gas generators to open flames or heat sources.
• Do not place any objects on the module cover.
• Do not use damaged modules.
• Do not touch the activated module or gas generator for at least 10 minutes after it has been activated.
• Do not use any electrical probes when "calling" module wiring.

Air conditioning refrigerant

See also chapters "Chlorofluorocarbonate", "Chemical materials".


This is a flammable, combustible substance - observe smoking precautions: DO NOT SMOK!

Skin contact may cause frostbite.

The manufacturer's instructions must be followed. Avoid open flames, use appropriate protective gloves and goggles.

If refrigerant comes into contact with the skin or eyes, immediately flush the affected area with water. The eyes should be rinsed with a special washing solution, they should not be rubbed. SEEK MEDICAL ASSISTANCE IF NECESSARY.

Air Conditioning Refrigerant - What Not to Do

• Do not expose the refrigerant container to sunlight or heat.
• Do not place refrigerant containers vertically; when filling, keep them with the valve down.
• Do not expose refrigerant containers to frost.
• Do not drop refrigerant containers.
• Do not, under any circumstances, release refrigerant vapors into the atmosphere.
• Do not mix different refrigerants, i.e. R12 (freon) and R134a.

Adhesives and sealants

See also chapters "Fire", "Chemical materials".

These are flammable, flammable and combustible substances - observe smoking precautions: DO NOT SMOK!

In general, they should be stored in non-smoking areas. When using, cleanliness and tidiness should be observed, for example, cover workbenches with disposable paper pads; if possible, remove them from working tools (syringes, etc.). Containers, including secondary (workers) containers must be appropriately marked.

Solvent based adhesives/sealants - see chapter "Solvents"

Follow the manufacturer's instructions.

Water Based Adhesives/Sealants

Adhesives/sealants based on polymer emulsions and rubber latexes may contain trace amounts of volatile substances that are toxic and harmful to health. When using these adhesives/sealants, skin and eye contact should be avoided and adequate ventilation should be provided.

Hot melt adhesives

In the solid state, they are safe. When molten, they can cause burns, and toxic fumes can be harmful to health if inhaled.

Appropriate protective clothing and a thermostatically controlled heater with thermal cut-off must be worn when handling them. Adequate exhaust ventilation is required.

Resin-based adhesives/sealants, such as epoxy or formaldehyde resin

The mixing process must take place in a well ventilated area, as the reaction may release harmful or toxic volatile chemicals.

Contact of uncured resins and hardeners with skin can lead to irritation, dermatitis and penetration of toxic or harmful substances through the skin. Splashes may cause eye injury.

Provide adequate ventilation and avoid contact of these substances with skin and eyes.

Anaerobic, cyanoacrylate (super glues) and other acrylic adhesives

Many of them are very sensitive to the skin and/or respiratory tract, have a harmful or irritating effect on the skin and respiratory organs. Some of them irritate the eyes.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. The manufacturer's instructions must be followed.

DO NOT allow cyanoacrylate adhesives to come into contact with (super glues) on skin and eyes. If the adhesive gets on the skin and eyes and glues areas of living tissue, cover the affected area with a clean, damp cloth (napkin) and GET MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. Do not try to separate the glued areas of living tissue. Work with such adhesives in well ventilated areas as inhalation of vapors may irritate the nose and throat.


For information on two-component compositions, see chapters "Resin based adhesives/sealants" And "Isocyanate (polyurethane) adhesives / sealants".

Isocyanate (polyurethane) adhesives / sealants

See also chapter "Resin based adhesives".

People who suffer from asthma or are prone to respiratory allergies should not work with or even be near such materials, as these substances can cause an asthma attack or a respiratory allergy.

Excessive exposure to them can cause eye and respiratory irritation. Increased concentration can affect the nervous system, cause lethargy, drowsiness. In extreme cases, loss of consciousness may occur. Prolonged exposure to fumes may have adverse health effects.

Prolonged contact with the skin may cause degreasing of the skin, which in turn may cause skin irritation and, in some cases, dermatitis.

Splashes in the eyes may cause discomfort and possibly injury to the eyes.

It is desirable that work with spray guns and aerosols be carried out in separate chambers equipped with exhaust ventilation to remove vapors and aerosol droplets from the breathing zone.

Use appropriate gloves, eye and respiratory protection.

Antifreeze

See also chapters "Fire" And "Solvents".

Antifreezes include, for example, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, methanol. These are flammable, flammable and combustible substances.

They are used in car cooling systems, pneumatic brake systems, and are part of glass washer solutions. When antifreeze is heated (coolant (glycol)) vapors can be released from it. Avoid breathing these vapors.

Antifreeze, in harmful and life-threatening amounts, can be absorbed through the skin. Antifreeze, if swallowed, can be fatal; If swallowed, SEEK MEDICAL ASSISTANCE IMMEDIATELY.

These substances should not be used in any refrigeration or industrial water system that is connected to or connected to a general, cooking or drinking water supply.

Asbestos

See also chapter "Warning symbols on the vehicle", given at the end of this subsection.

Inhalation of asbestos dust can lead to traumatic consequences of the lungs and in some cases cause cancer (asbestos dust is a carcinogen).

Used in brake linings and clutch discs, transmission band brakes and gaskets. Genuine Ford products and genuine replacement parts designed for this model do not contain asbestos.

When working with asbestos, it is preferable to use drum cleaning, vacuum cleaning or wet cleaning.

Waste in the form of asbestos dust should be wetted, packed in a sealed container and appropriately labeled; this will ensure the safe disposal of waste. If any attempt is made to cut or drill into materials containing asbestos, the workpiece should be wetted and only hand tools should be used (without electric drive) or low speed automatic tools.

Battery acids

See also chapter "Acids and alkalis".

Gases released during battery charging are explosive. Never use naked flames or sparks near charging or freshly charged batteries.

Provide adequate ventilation.

Brake linings and pads, clutch linings

See chapter "Asbestos".

Brake fluids (polyalkylene glycols)

See also chapter "Fire".

Splashes on the skin and eyes are mildly irritating. Avoid contact with skin and eyes whenever possible. At normal outside temperatures, there is no danger of inhaling vapours, due to their very low pressure.

Brazing

See chapter "Welding".

Chemical materials

See also chapter "Legal aspects".

Chemicals such as solvents, sealants, adhesives, paints and varnishes, resins, foams, battery acids, antifreezes, brake fluids, fuels, oils and lubricants should always be handled with care and stored and handled with the utmost care. accuracy. They can be toxic, unhealthy, caustic, irritating, flammable and give rise to hazardous fumes, fumes and dusts.

Exposure to such chemicals at elevated concentrations can be immediate or delayed, short-term or permanent, cumulative, superficial, life-threatening, and can even shorten life expectancy.

Chemical Materials - What to do

• Carefully read and follow the safety instructions on the container labels (containers) with chemicals and in accompanying brochures, inserts and other documents. Health and safety documentation for handling these substances is available from the manufacturers.
• Remove chemicals as quickly as possible after contact with skin and clothing. Take off heavily soiled clothing and clean it.
• Manage your workflow and use protective clothing to avoid skin and eye contact with chemicals, inhalation of fumes, aerosols, dust and smoke, fire and explosion hazards. Ensure appropriate labeling of chemical containers.
• When handling chemicals, be sure to wash before taking breaks from work, eating, smoking, quenching your thirst, or using the toilet.
• Keep the work area clean and tidy. Do not spill or spill chemicals.
• Store chemicals in accordance with state and local regulations.
• Keep chemicals out of reach of children.

Chemical Materials - Do's and Don'ts

• Do not mix chemicals unless instructed by the manufacturer; Some chemicals may form other toxic or harmful substances when mixed, produce poisonous or hazardous fumes during a chemical reaction, or form explosive mixtures.
• Do not spray chemicals, especially those based on solvents, in confined spaces, such as when there are people in a car.
• Keep chemicals away from heat or fire unless instructed by the manufacturer. Some are highly flammable and some may give off toxic or harmful fumes.
• Do not leave chemical containers open. The vapors emitted can reach the maximum permissible concentration: there is a danger to health, life or an explosion. Some vapors are heavier than air and will accumulate in confined spaces, pits, etc.
• Do not ship chemicals in unlabeled containers.
• Do not clean your hands or clothing with chemicals. They, especially solvents and fuels, dry the skin and can cause irritation leading to dermatitis, or they can be absorbed through the skin into the body in dangerous amounts to life and health.
• Do not use empty containers to store other materials unless the containers have been flushed under proper supervision.
• Do not smell or inhale chemicals. Even short-term exposure to high concentration vapors can be dangerous to life and health.

Chlorofluorocarbonates (CFC)

In scientific circles, there is a hypothesis that CFCs and halons destroy the upper ozone layer of the atmosphere, which filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation. Reduced absorption of ultraviolet rays can eventually lead to an increase in skin cancers, cataracts and a weakened human immune system, as well as a decrease in the yield and productivity of the aquatic world.

Chlorofluorocarbonates are primarily used as refrigerants in automotive air conditioning systems and in aerosol cans. Halons are used in fire extinguishers.

Ford supports the worldwide practice of phasing out CFCs and recommends that its subsidiaries and affiliates gradually and as quickly as possible phase out the use of these substances in favor of acceptable substitutes already available.

Clutch fluids

See chapter "Brake and clutch fluids".

Clutch lining

See chapter "Asbestos".

Corrosion Protection Materials

See also chapters "Solvents" And "Fire".

These are flammable, flammable substances. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

These materials are very diverse. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when handling them. They may contain solvents, resins, petroleum products, etc. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. They may only be sprayed if adequate ventilation is available and never in confined spaces.

Cutting

See chapter "Welding".

De-waxing

See also chapters "Solvents" And "Fuel (kerosene) ".

Dust

Powder, pollen, dust or airborne particles can be irritating, harmful to health and life. Avoid inhalation of powdered chemical dusts or dust generated when working with dry abrasive materials. If adequate ventilation is not available, wear respiratory protection.

fine pollen (powder) explosive material may cause an explosion. Avoid explosive concentrations and/or ignition sources in the work area.

Electric shock

Electric shock can result from the use of defective electrical equipment or the misuse of properly functioning electrical equipment.

Keep electrical equipment in good working order. Do frequent checks. Faulty equipment must be properly marked (tags), and it is desirable to remove it from the working area altogether.

Check flexible cords, cables, plugs and sockets (nests) for chafing, kinking, cuts, cracks or other damage. Keep electrical equipment and flexible electrical cords away from water.

Electrical equipment must be protected by fuses with appropriate ratings.

Never misuse electrical equipment and never use electrical equipment that is in any way defective. Failure to follow this rule may result in a fatal accident.

Do not pinch or damage the cables of mobile electrical equipment, such as those used on lifts, etc. Workers working with electrical equipment should be trained in basic first aid.

In the event of a life-threatening electric shock:

• Before approaching the victim, turn off the power supply.
• If this fails, push or pull the victim away from the source of electrical current, using dry, non-conductive material for this.
• If you have the appropriate skills, try to bring the victim to consciousness.
• CALL FOR MEDICAL ASSISTANCE.

Engine oils

See chapter "Liquid and grease lubricants".

Exhaust smoke

Vehicle exhaust emissions (smoke) contain suffocating, unhealthy and toxic chemicals such as carbon and nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, lead and aromatic hydrocarbons. The engine may only be operated under conditions of adequate exhaust or general ventilation and never in confined spaces.

Gas engine

The exhaust of such an engine may not have the warning signs of odor or irritation before the emissions begin to have a harmful effect on health and life. The impact can be either immediate or delayed.

Diesel engine

Usually, the presence of soot, discomfort or irritation is sufficient warning of a dangerous concentration of exhaust gases.

Fiber insulation

See also chapter "Dust".

It is used as noise and sound insulation.

The fibrous structure of the surface and cut edges can cause skin irritation. Typically, fiber has a physical rather than a chemical effect.

Care must be taken to avoid excessive contact of this material with the skin. To do this, you must properly organize the workflow and use protective gloves.

Fire

See also chapters "Welding", "Foam" And "Legal aspects".

Many of the materials related to car repair are flammable. Some release toxic or hazardous substances when burned (in the form of smoke).

When storing or handling combustible materials or solvents, fire safety requirements must be observed, especially near electrical equipment and welding areas.
Create conditions that minimize the risk of fire before using electrical or welding equipment.

When using welding or heating equipment, a fire extinguisher must be available in the work area.

First aid

Apart from compliance with general legal requirements, it is desirable that everyone working in the repair area be trained in first aid skills.

Eyes, after splashing, should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water and this should be done for at least the first ten minutes.

The contaminated skin area should be washed with soap and water. For cold burns, such as from alternative fuels, dip the affected area in cool or cold water.

People who have inhaled gases, smoke, etc. should be immediately removed to fresh air. If you feel unwell, see your doctor.

If liquid has been inadvertently swallowed, consult your physician about the contents of the label or tag on the container of liquid. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by the instructions on the label.

Fluoroelastomer

See chapter "viton".

Foam - Polyurethane

See also chapter "Fire".

It is used as noise and sound insulation. Cured foams are used in seats and trim. Follow the manufacturer's instructions.

The components before they react are irritating and can be harmful to the skin and eyes. Use protective gloves and goggles.

People with chronic respiratory disease, asthma, bronchial or allergic diseases should not work or be near uncured materials. Components, vapors or aerosol droplets can cause direct irritation and allergic reactions. In some cases, they can be dangerous or harmful to health.

Vapors and aerosol droplets should not be inhaled. These materials should only be used with adequate ventilation and respiratory protection. Do not remove the respirator immediately after spraying, wait until the air is clear of fumes/droplets.

Combustion of uncured components and cured foams may produce toxic and unhealthy fumes. During the formation of foam and until the air is completely free of vapors / aerosol droplets, do not smoke, use open flames or use electrical equipment. Any heat treatment of cured or partially cured foams must be done under exhaust ventilation. See also Body Repair Manual (Body Repair Manual) car.

Freon

See chapter "Air conditioning refrigerant".

Fuel

See also chapters "Fire", "Legal aspects", "chemicals" And "Solvents". If possible, avoid skin contact with fuel. If this does happen, wash the affected area with soap and water.

Petrol

Highly flammable. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

Swallowing gasoline can result in irritation of the mouth and throat, and absorbing it into the bloodstream from the stomach can result in lethargy, drowsiness, and loss of consciousness. Even small amounts can be deadly to children. Fluid entering the lungs, such as through vomiting, can cause very serious injury.

Gasoline dries the skin, and prolonged and repeated contact with it can lead to irritation and dermatitis. Contact with liquid in the eyes causes very sharp pain.

Automotive gasoline can contain significant amounts of benzene, which is poisonous if inhaled. Gasoline vapor concentration must be kept very low. High concentrations cause eye, nose, throat irritation, nausea, headache, depression and symptoms of intoxication. Very high concentrations lead to rapid loss of consciousness.

Adequate ventilation must be ensured when handling and using gasoline. You should be especially careful to avoid splashing and spilling gasoline in a confined space, because. the resulting fumes may cause serious consequences if inhaled.

Special precautions must be taken when cleaning and servicing gasoline storage tanks.

Do not use gasoline as a cleaner. You should not suck it up with your mouth. See chapter "First aid".

Gas oil (diesel fuel)

combustible substance.

Extensive or prolonged skin contact with high boiling gas oils can cause serious skin conditions, including cancer.

Kerosene

Used as heating fuel, solvent and cleaner.

combustible Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

May cause mouth and throat irritation if swallowed. Kerosene can cause great harm to health if it enters the lungs.

The liquid that gets on the skin dries it and can cause irritation and dermatitis. Splashes in the eyes may cause slight irritation.

Under normal conditions, kerosene vapors, due to their low volatility, do not cause much harm. But exposure to kerosene vapors and aerosols at elevated temperatures should be avoided (aerosols (fog) may be formed during disintegration). Avoid skin and eye contact with kerosene and ensure adequate ventilation.

Alternative fuel

Flammable. Observe smoking precautions: DO NOT SMOK!.

When servicing alternative fuel vehicles, adequate ventilation is required. Great care must be taken to avoid serious consequences from inhaling fuel vapors that accumulate when working in confined spaces. Inhalation of high concentrations of alternative fuel vapors may cause dizziness, headache, nausea and incoordination. Very high concentrations lead to rapid loss of consciousness.

LPG Contact (LPG) or compressed natural gas (CNG) with skin can cause cold burns and frostbite. When removing and installing elements of the LPG / CNG fuel system, use a long-sleeved cotton work gown, special boots, the socks of which have a steel edging and rubber neoprene gloves.

Leaks of LPG/CNG fuel can cause fire and are hazardous to health as they can lead to injury, illness, and even death.

If a leak is detected, under no circumstances attempt to repair the leak by tightening the connections before depressurizing the system or specific element. After tightening the connections, check the system for tightness in accordance with the prescribed procedure.

If the fuel tank must be removed for service or repair, the fuel tank must be completely drained using the appropriate equipment and following the prescribed procedure.

Gas cylinders

See also chapter "Fire".

Gases such as oxygen, acetylene, argon and propane are typically stored in cylinders at pressures up to 138 bar (2000 psi inch). Therefore, when handling them, special care should be taken to avoid mechanical damage to both the cylinders themselves and the fittings connected to them (valves, reducers, etc.). The contents of each cylinder must be clearly identifiable by appropriate markings.

Cylinders should be stored in well ventilated areas. They should be protected from ice and snow and should not be exposed to direct sunlight. combustible gases (e.g. acetylene and propane) should not be stored in close proximity to oxygen cylinders. In order to avoid leakage from gas cylinders and lines, you should be very careful and attentive when handling them. Keep sources of ignition away from them.

Only trained personnel should be allowed to work with gas cylinders.

Gases

See chapter "Gas cylinders".

Gaskets (fluoroelastomer)

See chapter "viton".

General tools and equipment of a service station

It is very important that all tools and equipment are kept in good condition. If a specific piece of equipment is required, only equipment that is in good working order and safe to operate should be used.

Never use tools or equipment for purposes other than those for which they are (tools and equipment) intended. Never overload equipment such as lifts, jacks, axle stands, chassis stands or lifting accessories (hoists, chains, etc.). Damage caused by overloading is not always immediately noticeable and can result in death in subsequent use of the equipment.

Do not use damaged or defective tools or equipment, especially high speed equipment such as grinding wheels. A damaged grinding wheel may break suddenly and cause serious injury.

Eye protection should be worn when working with grinding, trimming or polishing equipment.

When using abrasive equipment, when working with asbestos-containing materials, or when using spray (aerosol) equipment, a suitable respiratory protection mask must be worn.

To avoid the accumulation of large amounts of dust, aerosol particles (fog) and smoke (gases) good ventilation must be provided.

High pressure testing equipment for air, lubricants and oil

See also chapter "Liquid and grease lubricants".

Always keep your high pressure equipment in good condition and check and maintain it regularly, especially at connections and connectors.

Never point a high pressure nozzle, such as a diesel nozzle, at the skin, as liquid can penetrate into the subcutaneous tissue, etc. and result in serious injury.

Halon

See chapter "Chlorofluorocarbonates (CFC) ".

Legal aspects

There are many laws and regulations governing the health and safety aspects of the use and disposal of materials and equipment used in a service station.

Service station personnel must be thoroughly familiar with the many laws and regulations issued by state and local governments on health and safety issues. This will ensure a safe environment in the working area and avoid environmental pollution.

Liquid and grease lubricants

Avoid prolonged and repeated contact with mineral oils. All lubricating oils and greases can cause eye and skin irritation.

Waste engine oils

Prolonged and repeated contact of the skin with mineral oils leads to the removal of natural fats from the skin, which leads to dry skin, irritation and dermatitis. In addition, used engine oils contain potentially harmful contaminants that can cause skin cancer. When working with oils, care should be taken to have skin protection equipment, a sink for washing hands and face, and a shower.

Do not use engine oils as a lubricant or for any other purpose where extensive skin contact is likely to occur.

Health Precautions

• Avoid prolonged and repeated contact with oils, especially used engine oils.
• Use protective clothing, including impervious gloves, where feasible.
• Do not put oiled rags in your pockets.
• Avoid soiling clothing, especially underwear, with oil.
• Heavily soiled clothing and oil-permeable shoes should not be worn. Clothing should be cleaned regularly.
• Open wounds and cuts should be treated immediately with first aid.
• To facilitate the removal of oil from the skin, apply special protective creams to the skin before starting work.
• To ensure that all oil is removed from the skin, wash it with soap and water (The use of special skin cleaners and nail brushes can also help). Preparations containing lanolin will replace the natural oils found in the skin if they have been removed.
• Do not use substances such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel as leather cleaners (gas oil), thinners and solvents.
• If skin irritation occurs, seek medical attention immediately.
• If this practice is acceptable, degrease the elements prior to handling them.
• If there is a risk of oil getting into your eyes, use eye protection such as chemical goggles or a face shield. Eye wash facilities and equipment should also be provided.

Environmental Precautions

Burning used motor oil in small heaters or boilers can only be recommended if the design of this equipment meets a number of requirements and is approved by the relevant authorities. If in doubt, consult the appropriate local authority and/or the manufacturer of the approved equipment.

Dispose of used oil and used oil filters through a network of authorized waste disposal authorities or licensed waste disposal sites, or through a network of oil waste disposal companies. If in doubt about waste disposal, seek advice from the appropriate local authorities.

It is illegal to dump oil on the ground, into underground sewers or water outlets, into rivers, etc.

Noise

During some operations, very loud noise can be generated, which can sometimes even cause hearing damage. In these cases, hearing protection should be used.

Noise absorbing materials

See chapters "Foam" And "fiber insulation".

O-rings of circular cross-section (fluoroelastomer)

See chapter "viton".

Paints and varnishes

See also chapters "Solvents" And "Chemical materials". These are flammable, flammable substances. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

Single component materials

Such materials may contain harmful or toxic pigments, drying agents, and other components such as solvents. Spraying should only be done when there is good ventilation.

Two-component materials

These materials may also contain harmful and pre-reactive toxic resins and resin curing agents. The manufacturer's instructions must be followed. See also paragraphs "Resin based adhesives", "Isocyanate adhesives and sealants" in chapter "Adhesives and sealants".

Spraying is preferably carried out in special chambers equipped with exhaust ventilation to remove vapors and aerosol droplets from the breathing zone. Persons working in such chambers must wear appropriate respiratory protection. Personnel performing minor repairs in the open areas of the workshop should use a respirator with air supply.

Pressure equipment

See chapter "High pressure testing equipment for air, lubricants and oil".

Solder

Solders are mixtures of different metals, characterized in that the melting point of the mixture is lower than the melting point of the corresponding metals (usually lead and tin). Generally, the use of solder will not produce toxic lead fumes, but only if a gas/air flame is used. Oxy-acetylene torches should not be used, as they heat up the solder much more and can cause lead fumes to be released.

Some fumes may also be released when any type of flame is used on surfaces covered with grease, etc. Inhalation of these vapors should be avoided at all costs.

When removing excess solder, care must be taken to avoid the formation of fine lead dust, which is very poisonous if inhaled. It may be necessary to use respiratory protection.

Solder splatters and chips should be collected and removed immediately to prevent general lead air pollution.

Strict personal hygiene practices are essential to avoid lead ingestion or inhalation of solder dust remaining on clothing.

Solvents

See also chapters "Chemical materials", "Fuel (Kerosene) " And "Fire". These are, for example, acetone, white spirit, toluene, xylene, trichloroethane.

They are used in cleaning and dewaxing materials, paints and varnishes, plastics, resins, thinners, etc.

Some of them may be flammable or flammable. Solvents come into contact with the skin to degrease it, and repeated or prolonged exposure may lead to irritation and dermatitis. Some substances can penetrate the body through the skin in dangerous to life and health quantities. Splashes in the eyes can cause severe eye irritation and even loss of vision.

Short-term exposure to high concentrations of vapors or aerosol droplets results in eye and throat irritation, lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness, headache and, in the worst case, loss of consciousness.

Repeated or prolonged exposure to vapors or aerosols of low but not harmless concentrations, which may not have characteristic symptoms of damage, may have more serious consequences for life or health.

The entry of such substances into the lungs (e.g. vomiting) - this is the most serious consequence of their ingestion.

Avoid splashing on skin, eyes and clothing. Use protective gloves, goggles and clothing if necessary.

Good ventilation is essential when working with these substances. Avoid breathing vapors and aerosol droplets. Keep containers of these substances tightly closed. Do not work with them in confined spaces.

When spraying materials containing solvents, such as paints, adhesives, various coatings, exhaust ventilation must be used, and in the absence of adequate general ventilation, respiratory protection should be used.

Do not use heat or flame when working with these materials, except as directed by the manufacturer's instructions.

Soundproofing

See chapters "Foam" And "fiber insulation".

Suspended loads

WARNING: Never use temporary, makeshift lifting equipment.

When lifting or hanging any object, there is always a danger. Never work under an object that is suspended, elevated, or without a safety device, such as a suspended motor, etc.

Lifting equipment such as jacks, cranes, hoists, bridge stands, hoists (hoists, chains, etc.), must be suitable for the work to be done, in good working order and serviced regularly.

Gearbox band brakes

See chapter "Asbestos".

Anticorrosive protection of the bottom of the car

See chapter "Anti-corrosion protection".

Viton

As with many non-Ford vehicles, some components found on Ford vehicles have O-rings, seals (oil seals) or pads that contain a material known as "viton".

Viton is a fluoroelastomer, i.e. a synthetic rubber type material that contains fluorine. It is mainly used to make O-rings, gaskets and various types of seals. Although the best known fluoroelastomer is Viton, there are other similar materials such as Fluorel (Fluorel) and tecmoflon (Tecmoflon).

If fluoroelastomers are used under design conditions, they are completely harmless and non-hazardous. However, if they are exposed to temperatures in excess of 400°C, the material, although it will not ignite, will decompose, and one of the decomposition products will be hydrofluoric acid (hydrofluoric) acid.

This acid is extremely aggressive and, upon contact, can directly penetrate into the body.

O-rings, seals or gaskets that have been exposed to extreme heat will appear charred or black goo.

Under no circumstances should you touch them or the parts in contact with them.

To determine if Viton or any other fluoroelastomer has been used to make a particular O-ring, seal or gasket, please inquire. If the elements were made of natural rubber or nitrile, they are not hazardous. When in doubt, be careful and better assume the worst, i.e. that Viton or another fluoroelastomer was used as the material.

If Viton or any other fluoroelastomer was used, clean the problem area from contamination before starting work.

Always wear disposable, heavy-duty plastic gloves. Before removing decomposed Viton residues and final cleansing of the problem area, rinse this area with "wire wool" and lime water solution (calcium hydroxide). After using the above plastic gloves, they must be properly disposed of.

Welding

See also chapters "Fire", "electric shock", "Gas cylinders".

Welding processes include types of welding such as electric resistance welding (spot welding), arc welding and gas welding.

Electric resistance welding

This process may be accompanied by the formation of molten metal particles that fly apart at high speed. Therefore, you should protect your eyes and skin.

Arc welding

This process is accompanied by strong ultraviolet radiation, which can cause damage to the eyes and skin burns of the welder and people nearby. In this aspect, welding processes in a shielding gas environment are especially dangerous. Personal protective equipment should be used. The welding area should be fenced off with special screens that protect the rest of the personnel.

WHEN WELDING, PERSONS WEARING CONTACT LENSES ARE RECOMMENDED TO REPLACE THEM WITH REGULAR GLASSES, because. there is reason to believe that the spectrum of the welding arc emits microwaves that dry out the liquid between the lens and the eye. As a result, when the lenses are removed from the eyes, it can lead to blindness.

Molten metal splashes may also be sprayed, so appropriate eye and skin protection is required.

The heat of the welding arc leads to the release of vapors and gases from the materials being welded, electrodes and from any coatings and dirt located on the surface of the workshop floor, equipment, etc. These gases and vapors can be toxic and should not be inhaled. Exhaust ventilation may be required to remove fumes and smoke from the work area, especially where general ventilation is poor or when a large amount of welding is planned. In extreme cases, or when welding in confined spaces where good ventilation cannot be provided, it may be necessary to use vented respirators.

Gas welding (and cutting)

Oxy-acetylene torches can be used for welding and cutting. Greater precautions must be taken to prevent leakage of these gases, as this entails the risk of fire and explosion.

The process will be accompanied by the formation of splashes of molten metal, so the use of eye and skin protection is necessary. The flame in gas welding is very bright and therefore eye protection should be used, but the emission of ultraviolet radiation is much less than in arc welding; you can use lighter filters.

This process releases some toxic substances (in the form of smoke). Vapors and gases can also be released from coatings, especially when cutting off damaged body sections. Inhalation of these gases and vapors should be avoided.

When brazing, toxic substances can be released from the metals that make up the solder rod. There is a serious danger if rods containing cadmium are used for soldering. In this case, extreme care must be taken to avoid inhaling harmful vapors. Expert advice may be required.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN BEFORE WELDING OR CUTTING VESSELS THAT PREVIOUSLY CONTAINED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS, SUCH AS STEAMING THE FUEL TANK.