Health protection and precautions (Focus 1)

Introduction

Most procedures related to automobile repair and maintenance involve physical or other health hazards. This subsection lists, in alphabetical order, some of these hazardous operations and the materials and equipment associated with them. Precautions necessary to eliminate such hazards are indicated.



The list is not exhaustive and therefore all operations and procedures, as well as handling of materials, must be carried out taking into account health and safety requirements.

Before using any material or equipment/tool, read the safety data sheet supplied by the manufacturer or supplier of that product.

Acids and alkalis

See also the chapter "Battery Acids".

These are, for example, caustic soda and sulfuric acid.

Used in batteries and as cleaning agents. Cause irritation and have a corrosive effect on the skin, eyes, nose and throat. 211 Cause chemical burns. Can damage and corrode ordinary protective clothing.

Avoid splashes on skin, eyes and clothing. If necessary, use protective gloves, goggles and protective clothing. Do not inhale vapors.

Ensure eyewash, shower and soap are readily available in case of splash.

Provide signs warning of the risk of eye injury.

Airbags

See also chapters "Fire", "Chemical Materials".

These are highly flammable, explosive products - please observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

They are used as an auxiliary restraint system, mounted on the steering wheel and in the instrument panel on the passenger side.

The gas generator contains a powerful solid fuel charge, which, when burned, generates VERY HOT GAS (2500°C).

Sodium azide is used as a gas generating substance in airbags. This substance is enclosed in a sealed module and completely burns out when the airbag is deployed. Do not attempt to open the airbag gas generator housing, as this may result in a sodium azide explosion. If the gas generator is not sealed, be sure to use a full set of chemical protection to eliminate the consequences of sodium azide spillage.



After the airbag has been deployed normally, gloves and safety glasses should be used when handling it.

Deployed airbags should be disposed of in plastic bags, in accordance with local regulations, at designated chemical waste disposal sites.

After any direct contact with the gas-generating charge (solid fuel):

• rinse problem areas of skin thoroughly with water.
• seek medical attention if necessary.

Airbags - What to do

• Store modules upright.
• Keep modules dry.
• Move the modules so that the lid is facing away from the body.
• Place the modules so that the lid faces up.
• Inspect the modules carefully for damage.
• When connecting modules, place them on their sides (ends).
• Ensure that all testing equipment is properly calibrated and maintained.
• Wash your hands after handling deployed air bags.

Airbags - What Not to Do

• Do not store flammable materials together with modules or gas generators.
• Do not store gas generators at temperatures above 80°C.
• Do not store modules upside down.
• Do not attempt to open the gas generator housing.
• Do not expose gas generators to open flames or heat sources.
• Do not place any objects on the module cover.
• Do not use damaged modules.
• Do not touch the triggered module or gas generator for at least 10 minutes after it has been triggered.
• Do not use any electrical probes when "ringing" the wiring of the modules.

Air conditioning refrigerant

See also chapters "Chlorofluorocarbonate", "Chemical materials".

This is a highly flammable, combustible substance - please observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!



Contact with skin may cause frostbite.

Follow the manufacturer's instructions. Avoid open flames, use appropriate protective gloves and goggles.

If refrigerant comes into contact with skin or eyes, immediately rinse the affected area with water. Eyes should also be rinsed with a special rinsing solution; do not rub them. SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IF NECESSARY.

Air Conditioning Refrigerant - What Not to Do

• Do not expose the refrigerant container to sunlight or heat.
• Do not place containers with refrigerant vertically; when filling, hold them with the valve facing down.
• Do not expose refrigerant containers to frost.
• Do not allow containers containing refrigerant to fall.
• Do not release refrigerant vapor into the atmosphere under any circumstances.
• Do not mix different refrigerants, i.e. R12 (Freon) and R134a.

Adhesives and sealants

See also chapters "Fire", "Chemical Materials".

These are flammable, combustible and combustible substances - please observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

They should generally be stored in areas where smoking is prohibited. Cleanliness and neatness should be observed when using them, for example, by covering workbenches with disposable paper liners; if possible, they should be removed from working instruments (syringes, etc.). Containers, including secondary (working) containers, should be appropriately labeled.

Solvent based adhesives/sealants - see chapter "Solvents"

Follow the manufacturer's instructions.

Water-based adhesives/sealants

Adhesives/sealants based on polymer emulsions and rubber latexes may contain small amounts of volatile substances that are toxic and harmful to health. When using such adhesives/sealants, avoid contact with skin and eyes and ensure adequate ventilation.

Hot melt adhesives

In a solid state they are safe. In a molten state they can cause burns, and inhalation of toxic fumes can cause harm to health.

When handling them, appropriate protective clothing and a thermostatically controlled heating device with a thermal cut-off should be used. Adequate exhaust ventilation should be provided.

Resin-based adhesives/sealants, such as epoxy or formaldehyde resin

The mixing process must take place in a well-ventilated area, as the reaction may release harmful or toxic volatile chemicals.

Skin contact with uncured resins and hardeners may result in irritation, dermatitis and absorption of toxic or harmful substances through the skin. Splashes may cause eye injury.

Provide adequate ventilation and avoid contact of these substances with skin and eyes.

Anaerobic, cyanoacrylate (super glues) and other acrylic adhesives

Many of them are very sensitive to the skin and/or respiratory tract, have a harmful or irritating effect on the skin and respiratory organs. Some of them irritate the eyes.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Follow manufacturer's instructions.

DO NOT allow cyanoacrylate adhesives (super glues) to come into contact with your skin or eyes. If the adhesive comes into contact with your skin or eyes and parts of living tissue stick together, cover the affected area with a clean damp cloth (napkin) and SEEK MEDICAL CARE IMMEDIATELY. Do not attempt to separate the stuck parts of living tissue. Work with such adhesives in well-ventilated areas, as inhalation of vapors may cause irritation of the nasopharynx and eyes.



For information on two-component compositions, see the chapters "Resin-based adhesives/sealants" and "Isocyanate (polyurethane) adhesives/sealants".

Isocyanate (polyurethane) adhesives/sealants

See also the chapter "Resin-based adhesives".

People suffering from asthma or prone to respiratory allergies should not work with such materials or even be near them, as these substances can trigger an asthma attack or respiratory allergy.

Staying too long near them can cause irritation of the eyes and respiratory system. Increased concentrations can affect the nervous system, causing lethargy, drowsiness. In extreme cases, loss of consciousness can occur. Long-term exposure to vapors can have a harmful effect on health.

Prolonged contact with the skin may result in degreasing of the skin, which in turn may cause skin irritation and, in some cases, dermatitis.

Splashes in the eyes may cause discomfort and possibly eye injury.

It is advisable that work with sprayers and aerosols be carried out in separate chambers equipped with exhaust ventilation to remove vapors and aerosol droplets from the breathing zone.

Use appropriate gloves, eye protection and respiratory protection.

Antifreeze

See also the chapters "Fire" and "Solvents".

Antifreezes include, for example, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and methanol. These are flammable, combustible and combustible substances.

They are used in car cooling systems, pneumatic brake systems, and are included in glass washing solutions. When antifreeze (coolant (glycol)) is heated, it may release vapors. Avoid breathing these vapors.



Antifreeze, in quantities harmful and dangerous to life, can be absorbed through the skin. Antifreeze, if swallowed, can be fatal; if swallowed, SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY.

These substances should not be used in any cooling or industrial water systems that are connected to or connected to water supplies for general use, food preparation or drinking purposes.

Asbestos

See also the chapter "Warning symbols located on the vehicle" given at the end of this subsection.

Inhalation of asbestos dust can cause traumatic effects on the lungs and in some cases cause cancer (asbestos dust is a carcinogen).

Used in brake linings and clutch discs, transmission bands and gaskets. Genuine Ford products and genuine replacement units intended for this model are asbestos-free.

When working with asbestos, drum cleaning, vacuum cleaning or wet cleaning are preferred.

Asbestos dust waste should be wetted, packed in a sealed container and labeled accordingly; this will ensure safe disposal of waste. If any attempt is made to cut or drill materials containing asbestos, the workpiece should be wetted and only hand-held (non-powered) or low-speed power tools should be used.

Battery acids

See also the chapter "Acids and alkalis".

Gases released during battery charging are explosive. Never use open flames or allow sparks to form near batteries that are being charged or have recently been charged.

Ensure adequate ventilation.

Brake linings and pads, clutch linings

See the chapter "Asbestos".

Brake fluids (polyalkylene glycols)

See also the chapter "Fire".



Splashes on skin and eyes are mildly irritating. Avoid contact with skin and eyes if possible. At normal outside temperatures there is no danger of inhaling vapors due to their very low pressure.

Brazing

See the chapter "Welding".

Chemical materials

See also the chapter "Legal aspects".

Chemicals such as solvents, sealants, adhesives, varnishes and paints, resins, foams, battery acids, antifreeze, brake fluids, fuels, oils and lubricants should always be used with caution and stored and handled with extreme care. They may be toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritating, flammable and may produce hazardous fumes, smoke and dust.

The effects of such chemicals at elevated concentrations may be immediate or delayed, short-term or chronic, cumulative, superficial, life-threatening, and may even shorten life expectancy.

Chemical Materials - What to do

• Carefully read and follow the safety instructions given on the labels of containers (containers) with chemicals and in accompanying brochures, inserts and other documents. Documentation on health and safety when working with such substances is available from the manufacturers.
• Remove chemicals from skin and clothing as quickly as possible. Remove heavily soiled clothing and clean it.
• Organize work procedures and use protective clothing to avoid skin and eye contact with chemicals, inhalation of vapors, aerosols, dust and smoke, flames and explosion hazards. Ensure that chemical containers are properly labeled.
• When handling chemicals, be sure to wash before taking a break from work, eating, smoking, drinking, or using the toilet.
• Keep the work area clean and tidy. Avoid spilling or spilling chemicals.
• Store chemicals in accordance with state and local regulations.
• Keep chemicals out of reach of children.

Chemical Materials - What Not to Do

• Do not mix chemicals unless directed by the manufacturer; some chemicals, when mixed, can form other toxic or harmful substances, release toxic or hazardous fumes during a chemical reaction, or cause an explosive mixture.
• Do not spray chemicals, especially solvent-based ones, in confined spaces, such as when there are people in the vehicle.
• Do not expose chemicals to heat or flame unless directed to do so by the manufacturer. Some are flammable and some may produce toxic or harmful fumes.
• Do not leave containers of chemicals open. The vapors released may reach maximum permissible concentrations: there is a danger to health, life or explosion. Some vapors are heavier than air and will accumulate in confined spaces, pits, etc.
• Do not transport chemicals in containers that are not properly labeled.
• Do not clean your hands or clothing with chemicals. They, especially solvents and fuels, dry the skin and can cause irritation leading to dermatitis, or can be absorbed through the skin into the body in dangerous quantities.
• Do not use empty containers for storing other materials unless the containers have been cleaned under proper supervision.
• Do not sniff or inhale chemicals. Even short-term exposure to high concentrations of vapors can be dangerous to life and health.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

There is a hypothesis in scientific circles that CFCs and halons destroy the upper ozone layer of the atmosphere, which filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation. The decrease in absorption of ultraviolet rays can ultimately lead to an increase in skin cancer, cataracts, and a weakened human immune system, as well as a decrease in crop yields and the productivity of the aquatic world.

Chlorofluorocarbons are primarily used as refrigerants in automobile air conditioning systems and in aerosol cans. Halons are used in fire extinguishers.

Ford supports the global practice of eliminating the use of CFCs and recommends that its subsidiaries and affiliates phase out these substances as quickly as possible in favor of acceptable substitutes that are already available.

Clutch system working fluids

See the chapter "Brake and clutch fluids".

Clutch linings

See the chapter "Asbestos".

Materials for corrosion protection

See also the chapters "Solvents" and "Fire".

These are highly flammable, combustible substances. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

These materials are very diverse. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when handling them. They may contain solvents, resins, petroleum products, etc. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Spray only with adequate ventilation and never in confined spaces.

Cutting

See the chapter "Welding".

De-waxing

See also the chapters "Solvents" and "Fuel (kerosene)".

Dust

Powder, pollen, dust or airborne particles may be irritating, harmful to health and life. Avoid breathing dust from powdered chemicals or dust from dry abrasives. If adequate ventilation is not available, use respiratory protection.

Fine dust (powder) of explosive material may cause an explosion. Do not allow explosive concentrations to exceed and/or ignition sources to be present in the work area.

Electric shock

Electric shock can result from the use of faulty electrical equipment or the improper use of properly functioning electrical equipment.

Ensure that electrical equipment is maintained in good working order. Check it frequently. Defective equipment should be properly labeled (tags) and preferably removed from the work area altogether.

Check flexible cords, cables, plugs and receptacles for fraying, kinking, cuts, cracks and other damage. Do not allow electrical equipment or flexible electrical cords to come into contact with water.

Electrical equipment must be protected by fuses with appropriate characteristics.

Never misuse electrical equipment and never use electrical equipment that is faulty in any way. Failure to follow this rule may result in a fatal accident.

Avoid pinching or damaging cables of mobile electrical equipment, such as those used on lifts, etc. Workers handling electrical equipment must be trained in basic first aid techniques.

In case of life-threatening electric shock:

• Turn off the power supply before approaching the victim.
• If this fails, push or pull the victim away from the source of the electric current using a dry, non-conductive material.
• If you have the appropriate skills, try to bring the victim to consciousness.
• CALL FOR MEDICAL HELP.

Motor oils

See the chapter "Liquid and Grease Lubricants".

Smoke from the exhaust

Vehicle exhaust emissions (smoke) contain choking, harmful and toxic chemicals such as carbon and nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, lead and aromatic hydrocarbons. The engine may only be operated with adequate exhaust or general ventilation and never in a confined space.

Gasoline engine

The exhaust from such an engine may not have any warning signs in the form of odor or irritation before the emissions begin to have harmful effects on health and life. The effects may be either immediate or delayed.

Diesel engine

Usually the presence of soot, a feeling of discomfort or irritation are sufficient warning of a dangerous concentration of exhaust gases.

Fiber insulation

See also the chapter "Dust".

Used as noise and sound insulation.

The fibrous surface structure and cut edges may cause skin irritation. Generally, the fibre has a physical rather than chemical effect.

Precautions should be taken to avoid excessive skin contact with this material by properly organizing the work process and using protective gloves.

Fire

See also the chapters "Welding", "Foams" and "Legal aspects".

Many of the materials involved in car repair are flammable. Some emit toxic or hazardous substances (in the form of smoke) when burned.

When storing or handling flammable materials or solvents, fire safety requirements must be observed, especially near electrical equipment and welding areas.
Before using electrical or welding equipment, create conditions that minimize the risk of fire.

When using welding or heating equipment, it is necessary to have a fire extinguisher in the work area.

First aid

In addition to complying with general legal requirements, it is advisable that everyone working in the repair area be trained in first aid.

After splashing into the eyes, rinse thoroughly with clean water and do this within at least the first ten minutes.

The contaminated area of skin should be washed with soap and water. For cold burns, such as those caused by alternative fuels, soak the affected area in cool or cold water.

People who have inhaled gases, smoke, etc. should be taken to fresh air immediately. If you continue to feel unwell, consult a doctor.

If the liquid is accidentally swallowed, consult a physician and tell him or her the contents of the label or tag on the container. Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by the label.

Fluoroelastomer

See chapter "Viton".

Foams - Polyurethane

See also the chapter "Fire".

Used as noise and sound insulation. Cured foam materials are used in seats and interior trim. Follow the manufacturer's instructions.

The components are irritating before they react and may be harmful to skin and eyes. Use protective gloves and goggles.

People with chronic respiratory diseases, asthma, bronchial diseases or allergies should not work or be near uncured materials. Components, vapors or aerosol droplets may cause direct irritation and allergic reactions. In some cases, they may be dangerous or harmful to health.

Avoid breathing vapors and aerosol droplets. Use these materials only with adequate ventilation and wearing respiratory protection. Do not remove respirator immediately after spraying, wait until air is clear of vapors/droplets.

Combustion of uncured components and cured foam materials may produce toxic and harmful fumes. Do not smoke, use open flames or operate electrical equipment while foam is forming and until the air has been completely cleared of vapors/aerosol droplets. Any heat treatment of cured or partially cured foam materials must be carried out with exhaust ventilation. See also the Body Repair Manual for the vehicle.

Freon

See the chapter "Air conditioning refrigerant".

Fuel

See also the chapters on Fire, Legal Aspects, Chemicals and Solvents. Avoid contact of fuel with skin if possible. If it does occur, wash the affected area with soap and water.

Petrol

Highly flammable. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

Ingestion of gasoline can result in irritation of the mouth and throat, and absorption into the bloodstream from the stomach can cause lethargy, drowsiness, and unconsciousness. Even small amounts can be fatal to children. Inhalation of liquid into the lungs, such as through vomiting, can cause very serious injury.

Gasoline dries the skin, and prolonged and repeated contact with it can lead to irritation and dermatitis. If the liquid gets into the eyes, it causes very sharp pain.

Motor gasoline may contain significant amounts of benzene, which is poisonous when inhaled. Gasoline vapor concentrations must be kept very low. High concentrations cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, nausea, headache, depression, and symptoms of intoxication. Very high concentrations cause rapid loss of consciousness.

Adequate ventilation must be provided when handling and using gasoline. Particular care must be taken to avoid splashing or spilling gasoline in confined spaces, as the resulting vapors may cause serious injury if inhaled.

Special precautions must be taken when cleaning and servicing gasoline storage tanks.

Do not use gasoline as a cleaner. Do not suck it in with your mouth. See the First Aid chapter.

Gasoil (diesel fuel)

Combustible substance.

Extensive or prolonged skin contact with high boiling point gas oils may cause serious skin diseases, including cancer.

Kerosene

Used as a heating fuel, solvent and cleaner.

Flammable. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

If swallowed, it may cause irritation of the mouth and throat. Kerosene can cause serious harm to health if it gets into the lungs.

Liquid that gets on the skin dries it out and can cause irritation and dermatitis. Splashes in the eyes can cause mild irritation.

Under normal conditions, kerosene vapors do not cause much harm due to their low volatility. However, avoid exposure to kerosene vapors and aerosols at elevated temperatures (aerosols (fog) may form during de-waxing). Avoid contact with skin and eyes and ensure adequate ventilation.

Alternative fuel

Highly flammable. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!.

When servicing alternative fuel vehicles, adequate ventilation is essential. Great care must be taken to avoid serious consequences from inhaling fuel vapors that may accumulate when working in confined spaces. Inhaling high concentrations of alternative fuel vapors can cause dizziness, headache, nausea, and loss of coordination. Very high concentrations can cause rapid loss of consciousness.

Contact with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or compressed natural gas (CNG) on skin may cause cold burns and frostbite. When removing and installing LPG/CNG fuel system components, wear a cotton work coat with long sleeves, special boots with steel-rimmed toes and rubber neoprene gloves.

LPG/CNG fuel leaks can cause fire and are hazardous to health, as they can lead to injury, illness and even death.

If a leak is detected, do not, under any circumstances, attempt to stop the leak by tightening connections before relieving the pressure in the system or the specific component. After tightening connections, the system should be tested for leaks according to the prescribed procedure.

If the fuel tank must be removed for service or repair, the fuel must be completely drained from the tank using the appropriate equipment and following the prescribed procedure.

Gas cylinders

See also the chapter "Fire".

Gases such as oxygen, acetylene, argon and propane are usually stored in cylinders under pressure up to 138 bar (2000 psi). Therefore, special care must be taken when handling them to avoid mechanical damage to both the cylinders themselves and the fittings connected to them (valves, reducers, etc.). The contents of each cylinder must be clearly identified by the appropriate markings.

Cylinders should be stored in well-ventilated areas. They should be protected from ice and snow and should not be exposed to direct sunlight. Flammable gases (such as acetylene and propane) should not be stored in close proximity to oxygen cylinders. To avoid leaks from gas cylinders and mains, you should be very careful and attentive when handling them. Do not allow sources of ignition near them.

Only trained personnel should be allowed to work with gas cylinders.

Gases

See the chapter "Gas cylinders".

Gaskets (fluoroelastomer)

See chapter "Viton".

General Service Station Tools and Equipment

It is very important that all tools and equipment are kept in good condition. When a particular piece of equipment is needed, only equipment that is in good working order and safe to operate should be used.

Never use tools or equipment for purposes other than those for which they (the tools and equipment) were designed. Never overload equipment such as lifts, jacks, bridge and chassis stands or lifting devices (hoists, chains, etc.). Damage caused by overloading is not always immediately apparent and may result in a fatal accident when the equipment is subsequently used.

Do not use damaged or defective tools or equipment, especially high-speed equipment such as grinding wheels. A damaged grinding wheel may suddenly break, which may cause serious injury.

When working with grinding, chipping or polishing equipment, eye protection should be used.

When using abrasive equipment, when handling asbestos-containing materials, or when using spray (aerosol) equipment, a suitable respiratory protection mask should be worn.

To avoid the accumulation of large amounts of dust, aerosol particles (fog) and fumes (gases), good ventilation must be ensured.

High pressure air, lubricant and oil testing equipment

See also the chapter "Liquid and Grease Lubricants".

Always keep high pressure equipment in good condition and check and service it regularly, especially at connections and fittings.

Never direct a high pressure nozzle, such as a diesel injector, at the skin as the fluid may penetrate into subcutaneous tissue etc. and cause serious injury.

Halon

See the chapter "Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)".

Legal aspects

There are many laws and regulations that govern health and safety issues related to the use and disposal of materials and equipment used in a service station.

Service station personnel must be thoroughly familiar with the many health and safety laws and regulations issued by state and local governments to ensure a safe work environment and to avoid environmental contamination.

Liquid and consistent lubricants

Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with mineral oils. All liquid and consistent lubricants may cause eye and skin irritation.

Used motor oils

Prolonged and repeated skin contact with mineral oils removes natural fats from the skin, which leads to dry skin, irritation and dermatitis. In addition, used motor oils contain potentially hazardous contaminants that can cause skin cancer. When working with oils, make sure you have skin protection, a sink for washing your hands and face, and a shower.

Do not use motor oils as lubricants or for other purposes where extensive skin contact may occur.

Health precautions

• Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with oils, especially used motor oils.
• Wear protective clothing, including impervious gloves, in situations where practical.
• Do not put oily rags in your pockets.
• Avoid contamination of clothing, especially underwear, with oil.
• Avoid wearing heavily soiled clothing and oil-permeable footwear. Workwear should be cleaned regularly.
• Open wounds and cuts should be treated immediately with first aid.
• To make it easier to remove oil from the skin, apply special protective creams to the skin before starting work.
• To ensure that all oil is removed from the skin, wash it with soap and water (using special leather cleaners and nail brushes can also help). Lanolin-containing products will replace the natural oils in the skin if they have been removed.
• Do not use substances such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel (gas oil), thinners or solvents as leather cleaners.
• If skin irritation occurs, seek medical attention immediately.
• If such practice is acceptable, degrease the elements before handling them.
• If there is a risk of oil getting into the eyes, use eye protection such as chemical goggles or a face shield. Eyewash facilities should also be available.

Environmental precautions

The combustion of waste motor oil in small heaters or boilers can only be recommended if the design of this equipment meets a number of requirements and is approved by the relevant authorities. If in doubt, consult the relevant local authority and/or the manufacturer of the equipment approved for use.

Dispose of used oil and used oil filters via the Authorised Waste Disposal Network or a licensed waste disposal site or via the Oil Waste Trade Network. If in doubt about waste disposal, seek advice from your local authority.

It is illegal to dump oil on the ground, into underground sewers or drains, into rivers, etc.

Noise

During some operations, very loud noise may occur, which can sometimes even cause damage to the hearing organs. In these cases, you should use hearing protection.

Sound absorbing materials

See the chapters "Foam Materials" and "Fiber Insulation".

O-ring seals (fluoroelastomer)

See chapter "Viton".

Paints and varnishes

See also the chapters "Solvents" and "Chemical Materials". These are highly flammable, combustible substances. Observe smoking precautions: NO SMOKING!

One-component materials

Such materials may contain harmful or toxic pigments, drying agents, and other components such as solvents. Spraying should only be done in areas with good ventilation.

Two-component materials

These materials may also contain resins and resin-curing agents that are harmful or toxic before they react. The manufacturer's instructions should be followed. See also the sections "Resin-Based Adhesives", "Isocyanate Adhesives and Sealants" in the chapter "Adhesives and Sealants".

Spraying is preferably carried out in special chambers equipped with exhaust ventilation to remove vapors and aerosol droplets from the breathing zone. People working in such chambers must use appropriate respiratory protection. Personnel performing minor repair work in open areas of the repair zone must use a respirator with air supply.

Pressure Equipment

See chapter "High pressure air, lubricant and oil testing equipment".

Solder

Solders are mixtures of different metals, characterized by the fact that the melting point of the mixture is lower than the melting point of the corresponding metals (usually lead and tin). Usually, the use of solder does not lead to the formation of toxic lead vapors, but only if a gas/air flame is used. Oxy-acetylene torches should not be used, since they heat the solder much more and can cause the release of lead vapors.

Some vapours may also be released when using any type of flame on surfaces covered with grease, etc. Inhalation of these vapours should be avoided at all costs.

Care must be taken when removing excess solder to avoid the formation of fine lead dust, which is highly toxic if inhaled. Respiratory protection may be necessary.

Solder spatter and filings should be collected and removed immediately to prevent general airborne lead contamination.

Strict personal hygiene practices are required to avoid swallowing lead or inhaling solder dust on clothing.

Solvents

See also the chapters "Chemical Materials", "Fuel (Kerosene)" and "Fire". These are, for example, acetone, white spirit, toluene, xylene, trichloroethane.

They are used in the composition of cleaning and de-waxing materials, paints and varnishes, plastics, resins, thinners, etc.

Some of them may be flammable or combustible. When solvents come into contact with the skin, it becomes degreased, and repeated or prolonged exposure can lead to irritation and dermatitis. Some substances can penetrate the body through the skin in quantities dangerous to life and health. Splashes in the eyes may cause severe irritation and even loss of vision.

Short-term exposure to high concentrations of vapor or aerosol droplets causes irritation of the eyes and throat, lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness, headache and, in the worst case, loss of consciousness.

Repeated or prolonged exposure to vapors or aerosols at low but hazardous concentrations, which may not produce characteristic symptoms of injury, may have more serious consequences for life or health.

The most serious consequence of ingestion is the ingestion of such substances into the lungs (for example, through vomiting).

Avoid splashes on skin, eyes and clothing. If necessary, use protective gloves, glasses and clothing.

When working with these substances, good ventilation is necessary. Avoid breathing vapors and aerosol droplets. Keep containers with these substances tightly closed. Do not work with them in confined spaces.

When spraying materials containing solvents, such as paints and varnishes, adhesives, and various coatings, it is necessary to use exhaust ventilation, and in the absence of adequate general ventilation, use respiratory protection.

Do not use heat or flame when working with these materials unless instructed to do so by the manufacturer.

Soundproofing

See the chapters "Foam Materials" and "Fiber Insulation".

Suspended loads

CAUTION: Never use temporary, improvised lifting equipment.

There is always a danger when lifting or hanging any objects. Never work under an object that is suspended, raised or not secured, such as a suspended engine, etc.

Lifting equipment such as jacks, cranes, lifts, bridge stands, lifting devices (hoists, chains, etc.) must be suitable for the work being performed, in good condition and regularly maintained.

Gearbox band brakes

See the chapter "Asbestos".

Anti-corrosion protection of the car underbody

See the chapter "Anticorrosion protection".

Viton

As with many other manufacturers' vehicles, some components found on Ford vehicles have O-rings, seals, or gaskets that contain a material known as Viton.

Viton is a fluoroelastomer, i.e. a synthetic rubber type material that contains fluorine. It is primarily used to make O-rings, gaskets, and seals of various types. Although the most well-known fluoroelastomer is Viton, there are other similar materials such as Fluorel and Tecmoflon.

When used under design conditions, fluoroelastomers are completely harmless and non-hazardous. However, if they are exposed to temperatures exceeding 400°C, the material, although not igniting, will decompose, and one of the decomposition products will be hydrofluoric acid.

This acid is extremely aggressive and can penetrate directly into the body upon contact.

O-rings, seals or gaskets that have been exposed to extreme heat will appear charred or as a black goo.

DO NOT TOUCH them or any parts that come into contact with them under any circumstances.

To determine whether a particular O-ring, seal or gasket was made of Viton or another fluoroelastomer, inquiries should be made. If the parts were made of natural rubber or nitrile, they are not dangerous. When in doubt, exercise caution and assume the worst, i.e. that Viton or another fluoroelastomer was used as the material.

If Viton or any other fluoroelastomer was used, the problem area should be cleaned of contamination before starting work.

Disposable heavy-duty plastic gloves should always be worn. Before removing decomposed Viton residues and final cleaning of the problem area, the area should be washed with wire wool and a solution of lime water (calcium hydroxide). After use, the above plastic gloves should be properly disposed of.

Welding

See also chapters "Fire", "Electric shock", "Gas cylinders".

Welding processes include types of welding such as electric resistance welding (spot welding), arc welding and gas welding.

Electric contact welding

This process may be accompanied by the formation of molten metal particles that fly away at high speed. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the eyes and skin.

Arc welding

This process is accompanied by strong ultraviolet radiation, which can cause damage to the eyes and skin burns of the welder and people nearby. In this respect, welding processes in a protective gas environment are especially dangerous. Personal protective equipment should be used. The welding area should be fenced off with special screens that protect the rest of the personnel.

WHEN WELDING, PERSONS WEARING CONTACT LENSES ARE ADVISED TO REPLACE THEM WITH REGULAR GLASSES, as there is reason to believe that the spectrum of the welding arc emits microwaves that dry out the liquid between the lens and the eye. As a result, when the lenses are removed from the eyes, this may lead to blindness.

Molten metal may also splash, so appropriate eye and skin protection must be worn.

The heat of the welding arc will cause fumes and gases to be released from the materials being welded, the electrodes and from any coatings or dirt on the surface of the workshop floor, equipment, etc. These gases and fumes may be toxic and should be avoided by inhalation. Exhaust ventilation may be required to remove fumes and smoke from the work area, particularly where general ventilation is poor or where a large amount of welding is to be done. In extreme cases or when welding in confined spaces where adequate ventilation cannot be provided, the use of air-supply respirators may be required.

Gas welding (and cutting)

Oxy-acetylene torches may be used for welding and cutting. Extra precautions must be taken to prevent leaks of these gases, as this poses a risk of fire and explosion.

The process will be accompanied by the formation of splashes of molten metal, so it is necessary to use eye and skin protection. The flame from gas welding is very bright and eye protection should be worn, but the ultraviolet radiation output is significantly less than with arc welding; you can use lighter filters.

This process releases some toxic substances (in the form of smoke). Also, vapors and gases may be released from the coatings, especially when cutting off damaged sections of the body. Inhalation of these gases and vapors should be avoided.

When brazing, toxic substances may be released from the metals in the brazing rod. A serious danger exists if cadmium-containing rods are used for brazing. In this case, extra care must be taken to avoid inhaling harmful fumes. Expert advice may be required.

BEFORE WELDING OR CUTTING VESSELS THAT HAVE PREVIOUSLY CONTAINED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS, SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN, SUCH AS TREATING FUEL TANKS WITH STEAM.

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